ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) followed by surgery. Several parameters are associated with patient survival in LARC. One of these parameters is tumor regression grade (TRG); however, the significance of TRG remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to examine the correlations of TRG with 5-year overall (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) and identify other factors that influence the survival rates in LARC after nCRT followed by surgery. @*Methods@#This retrospective study included 104 patients diagnosed with LARC who underwent nCRT followed by surgery at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015. All patients received fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy at a total dose of 45.0 to 50.4 Gy in 25 daily fractions. Tumor response was evaluated using the 5-tier Mandard TRG classification. TRG was categorized into good (TRG 1–2) and poor (TRG 3–5) responses. @*Results@#TRG (classified by either the 5-tier classification system or the 2-group classification system) was not correlated with 5-year OS or RFS. The 5-year OS rates were 80.0%, 54.5%, 80.8%, and 67.4% in patients with TRG 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P=0.22). Poorly differentiated rectal cancer and systemic metastasis were associated with poor 5-year OS. Intraoperative tumor perforation, poor differentiation, and perineural invasion were correlated with inferior 5-year RFS. @*Conclusion@#TRG was probably not associated with either 5-year OS or RFS; however, poor differentiation and systemic metastasis were strongly associated with poor 5-year OS.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Exsanguination is the most common leading cause of death in trauma patients. The massive transfusion (MT) protocol may influence therapeutic strategies and help provide blood components in timely manner. The assessment of blood consumption (ABC) score is a popular MT protocol but has low predictability. The lactate level is a good parameter to reflect poor tissue perfusion or shock states that can guide the management. This study aimed to modify the ABC scoring system by adding the lactate level for better prediction of MT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data were retrospectively collected from 165 trauma patients following the trauma activated criteria at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014. The ABC scoring system was applied in all patients. The patients who had an ABC score ≥2 as the cut point for MT were defined as the ABC group. All patients who had a score ≥2 with a lactate level >4 mmol/dL were defined as the ABC plus lactate level (ABC + L) group. The prediction for the requirement of massive blood transfusion was compared between the ABC and ABC + L groups. The ability of ABC and ABC + L groups to predict MT was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 165 patients, 15 patients (9%) required massive blood transfusion. There were no significant differences in age, gender, mechanism of injury or initial vital signs between the MT group and the non-MT group. The group that required MT had a higher Injury Severity Score and mortality. The sensitivity and specificity of the ABC scoring system in our institution were low (81%, 34%, AUC 0.573). The sensitivity and specificity were significantly better in the ABC + L group (92%, 42%, AUC = 0.745).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ABC scoring system plus lactate increased the sensitivity and specificity compared with the ABC scoring system alone.</p>